Citing Sources

For your final paper, be sure to cite your sources! Do this both in the text of the paper (see below) and in a References section at the end, which lists full sources.

Example of ways to cite your sources in the text of the paper:

1. If you are going to cite study results in your own words, follow one of these examples:
   
   
   • “Another study varied outcome uncertainty by sequentially and rapidly presenting context stimuli, and found that the degree of uncertainty predicted BOLD activity in the inferior frontal sulcus, anterior insula, and IPS.”1
   
   
   • “Another study varied outcome uncertainty by sequentially and rapidly presenting context stimuli, and found that the degree of uncertainty predicted BOLD activity in the inferior frontal sulcus, anterior insula, and IPS.” (Huettel et al, 2005)
   
   
   • “Another study by Huettel and colleagues varied outcome uncertainty by sequentially and rapidly presenting context stimuli, and found that the degree of uncertainty predicted BOLD activity in the inferior frontal sulcus, anterior insula, and IPS.” (Huettel et al, 2005)


2. If you are going to cite a short excerpt from a source (e.g. partial or few sentences), please put the excerpt in quotations and in addition use one of the citing methods from above.
   
   
   
   • Huettel and colleagues noted that “if the active regions in the current experiment support the resolution of uncertainty toward a course of action, activation should only be evoked when successive stimuli point to different potential actions.” + 1 or (Huettel et al, 2005)


3. If you are going to cite a longer (e.g. more than one or two sentences) passage from a source, please make the excerpt a separate paragraph, indented on both sides to indicated that it is an excerpted passage (no quotation marks needed, maybe in a smaller font) and in addition use one of the citing methods above in 1)
   
   
   • Huettel and colleagues conclude that:

     Together, these results suggest that uncertainty may influence distinct cognitive processes, depending on the decision task. When uncertainty influences the learning of relations between stimuli and responses, as reported by Volz et al. (2003), it evokes long-term strategic processes mediated by FMC. These processes were likely engaged on all trials in our design, because subjects refined contingencies between trial type (e.g., number of circles) and outcomes (e.g., probability of reward), but they were not influenced by the particular pattern of stimuli presented on each trial. In contrast, when decision making does not involve learning but requires selecting between plans for action based on stimulus information (as in the present study), uncertainty evokes shortterm response-selection processes mediated by dlPFC and PPC (Schumacher and D’Esposito, 2002). + 1 or (Huettel et al, 2005)

Example References Section (can be alphabetical by first author or by order of citation)

1. Huettel SA, Song AW, McCarthy G (2005). “Decisions under uncertainty: Probabilistic Context Influences Activation of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices.” J. Neurosci. 25(13): 3304-3311.
2. Medendorp WP, Goltz HC, Crawford JD, Vilis T (2004). “Integration of Target and Effector Information in Human Posterior Parietal Cortex for the Planning of Action.” J. Neurophys. 93: 954-962.
3. Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Trinath T, Oeltermann A (2001). “Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal.” Nature. 412: 151-157.